大家好，很高兴再次与大家见面，我是你们的老朋友全栈君。
nmap，即Network Mapper，是一款在Linux环境下使用的强大网络扫描和嗅探工具包。
在网络安全渗透测试中，nmap被广泛应用，其功能之强大毋庸置疑。接下来，我将简要介绍一些常用的nmap扫描命令。不过，nmap的功能非常丰富，建议大家深入学习以充分发挥其潜力。
nmap的安装命令如下：
yum install nmap
下面是一些常见的nmap扫描命令及其用法：
Usage: nmap [Scan Type(s)] [Options] {target specification}
TARGET SPECIFICATION:
Can pass hostnames, IP addresses, networks, etc.
Ex: scanme.nmap.org, microsoft.com/24, 192.168.0.1; 10.0.0-255.1-254
-iL : Input from list of hosts/networks
-iR <num hosts="">: Choose random targets
--exclude <host1>: Exclude hosts/networks
--excludefile <exclude_file>: Exclude list from file
HOST DISCOVERY:
-sL: List Scan - simply list targets to scan
-sn: Ping Scan - disable port scan
-Pn: Treat all hosts as online -- skip host discovery
-PS/PA/PU/PY[portlist]: TCP SYN/ACK, UDP or SCTP discovery to given ports
-PE/PP/PM: ICMP echo, timestamp, and netmask request discovery probes
-PO[protocol list]: IP Protocol Ping
-PR: ARP ping - does not need HW address -> IP translation
-n/-R: Never do DNS resolution/Always resolve [default: sometimes]
--dns-servers <serv1>: Specify custom DNS servers
--system-dns: Use OS's DNS resolver
--traceroute: Trace hop path to each host
SCAN TECHNIQUES:
-sS/sT/sA/sW/sM: TCP SYN/Connect()/ACK/Window/Maimon scans
-sU: UDP Scan
-sN/sF/sX: TCP Null, FIN, and Xmas scans
--scanflags <flags>: Customize TCP scan flags
-sI <zombie host="">: Idle scan
-sY/sZ: SCTP INIT/COOKIE-ECHO scans
-sO: IP protocol scan
-b <ftp host="" relay="">: FTP bounce scan
PORT SPECIFICATION AND SCAN ORDER:
-p <port ranges="">: Only scan specified ports
Ex: -p22; -p1-65535; -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080,S:9
-F: Fast mode - Scan fewer ports than the default scan
-r: Scan ports consecutively - don't randomize
--top-ports <number>: Scan <number> most common ports
--port-ratio <ratio>: Scan ports more common than <ratio>
SERVICE/VERSION DETECTION:
-sV: Probe open ports to determine service/version info
-sR: Check what service uses opened ports using RPC scan
--version-intensity <level>: Set from 0 (light) to 9 (try all probes)
--version-light: Limit to most likely probes (intensity 2)
--version-all: Try every single probe (intensity 9)
--version-trace: Show detailed version scan activity (for debugging)
SCRIPT SCAN:
-sC: equivalent to --script=default
--script=<lua scripts="">: <lua scripts=""> is a comma separated list of
directories, script-files or script-categories
--script-args=<n1>: provide arguments to scripts
--script-trace: Show all data sent and received
--script-updatedb: Update the script database.
OS DETECTION:
-O: Enable OS detection
--osscan-limit: Limit OS detection to promising targets
--osscan-guess: Guess OS more aggressively
TIMING AND PERFORMANCE:
Options which take <time> are in seconds, or append 'ms' (milliseconds),
's' (seconds), 'm' (minutes), or 'h' (hours) to the value (e.g. 30m).
-T: Set timing template (higher is faster)
--min-hostgroup/max-hostgroup <size>: Parallel host scan group sizes
--min-parallelism/max-parallelism <numprobes>: Probe parallelization
--min-rtt-timeout/max-rtt-timeout/initial-rtt-timeout <time>: Specifies
probe round trip time.
--max-retries <tries>: Caps number of port scan probe retransmissions.
--host-timeout <time>: Give up on target after this long
--scan-delay/--max-scan-delay <time>: Adjust delay between probes
--min-rate <number>: Send packets no slower than <number> per second
--max-rate <number>: Send packets no faster than <number> per second
FIREWALL/IDS EVASION AND SPOOFING:
-f; --mtu <val>: fragment packets (optionally w/given MTU)
-D <decoy1>: Cloak a scan with decoys
-S <ip_address>: Spoof source address
-e <iface>: Use specified interface
-g/--source-port <portnum>: Use given port number
--data-length <num>: Append random data to sent packets
--ip-options : Send packets with specified ip options
--ttl <val>: Set IP time-to-live field
--spoof-mac <mac address="" name="">: Spoof your MAC address
--badsum: Send packets with a bogus TCP/UDP/SCTP checksum
OUTPUT:
-oN/-oX/-oS/-oG <file>: Output scan in normal, XML, s|<ript and="" filename.="" format="" given="" grepable="" kiddi3="" respectively="" the="" to="">: Output in the three major formats at once
-v: Increase verbosity level (use -vv or more for greater effect)
-d: Increase debugging level (use -dd or more for greater effect)
--reason: Display the reason a port is in a particular state
--open: Only show open (or possibly open) ports
--packet-trace: Show all packets sent and received
--iflist: Print host interfaces and routes (for debugging)
--log-errors: Log errors/warnings to the normal-format output file
--append-output: Append to rather than clobber specified output files
--resume <filename>: Resume an aborted scan
--stylesheet <path>: XSL stylesheet to transform XML output to HTML
--webxml: Reference stylesheet from Nmap.Org for more portable XML
--no-stylesheet: Prevent associating of XSL stylesheet w/XML output
MISC:
-6: Enable IPv6 scanning
-A: Enable OS detection, version detection, script scanning, and traceroute
--datadir <dirname>: Specify custom Nmap data file location
--send-eth/--send-ip: Send using raw ethernet frames or IP packets
--privileged: Assume that the user is fully privileged
--unprivileged: Assume the user lacks raw socket privileges
-V: Print version number
-h: Print this help summary page.
EXAMPLES:
nmap -v -A scanme.nmap.org
nmap -v -sn 192.168.0.0/16 10.0.0.0/8
nmap -v -iR 10000 -Pn -p 80以下是一些常见的nmap命令示例：
-
获取远程主机的系统类型及开放端口
nmap -sS -P0 -sV -O <target>
这里的
<target></target>可以是单一 IP、主机名、域名或子网。其他选项：
-
-A：同时打开操作系统指纹和版本检测 -
-v：详细输出扫描情况
nmap -sS -P0 -A -v
-
-
列出开放了指定端口的主机列表
nmap -sT -p 80 -oG - 192.168.1.* | grep open
-
在网络中寻找所有在线主机
nmap -sP 192.168.0.*
或者使用以下命令：
nmap -sP 192.168.0.0/24
指定子网。
Shell脚本编写基础 中文WORD版下载Shell本身是一个用C语言编写的程序，它是用户使用Linux的桥梁。Shell既是一种命令语言，又是一种程序设计语言。作为命令语言，它交互式地解释和执行用户输入的命令；作为程序设计语言，它定义了各种变量和参数，并提供了许多在高级语言中才具有的控制结构，包括循环和分支。它虽然不是Linux系统核心的一部分，但它调用了系统核心的大部分功能来执行程序、建立文件并以并行的方式协调各个程序的运行。因此，对于用户来说，shell是最重要的实用程序，深入了解和熟练掌握shell的特性极其使用方法，是用好Linux系统
-
Ping 指定范围内的 IP 地址
nmap -sP 192.168.1.100-254
-
在某段子网上查找未占用的 IP
nmap -T4 -sP 192.168.2.0/24 && egrep "00:00:00:00:00:00" /proc/net/arp
-
在局域网上扫描 Conficker 蠕虫病毒
nmap -PN -T4 -p139,445 -n -v --script=smb-check-vulns --script-args safe=1 192.168.0.1-254
-
扫描网络上的恶意接入点（rogue APs）
nmap -A -p1-85,113,443,8080-8100 -T4 --min-hostgroup 50 --max-rtt-timeout 2000 --initial-rtt-timeout 300 --max-retries 3 --host-timeout 20m --max-scan-delay 1000 -oA wapscan 10.0.0.0/8
-
使用诱饵扫描方法来扫描主机端口
sudo nmap -sS 192.168.0.10 -D 192.168.0.2
-
为一个子网列出反向 DNS 记录
nmap -R -sL 209.85.229.99/27 | awk '{if($3=="not")print"("$2") no PTR";else print$3" is "$2}' | grep '(' -
显示网络上共有多少台 Linux 及 Win 设备
sudo nmap -F -O 192.168.0.1-255 | grep "Running: " > /tmp/os; echo "$(cat /tmp/os | grep Linux | wc -l) Linux device(s)"; echo "$(cat /tmp/os | grep Windows | wc -l) Window(s) device"
【更多参考】
Linux网络探测和安全审核工具 nmap使用详解
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