in go, `5 ^ 2` evaluates to `7` because the `^` symbol does **not** mean exponentiation—it’s the **bitwise xor operator**. this is a common source of confusion for developers coming from languages like python (`**`) or javascript (where `^` *also* means xor, but beginners often assume it’s power). let’s break it down:
Binary representation:
- 5 in binary is 101
- 2 in binary is 010 (aligned to same bit width)
XOR compares each bit: result is 1 only when bits differ:
101 (5) ^ 010 (2) ----- 111 (7)
So 5 ^ 2 == 7 is mathematically correct under bitwise logic.
⚠️ Important notes:
- Go has no built-in exponentiation operator. To compute powers like 5², use math.Pow(5, 2) (returns float64) or implement integer exponentiation manually.
- ^ is also used for bitwise complement when unary (e.g., ^x flips all bits of x), but as a binary operator, it’s always XOR.
- Always double-check operator precedence: ^ has lower precedence than +/- but higher than ==, so 5 ^ 2 == 7 is parsed as (5 ^ 2) == 7 — which safely evaluates to true.
✅ Pro tip: Use fmt.Printf("%b", 5^2) to verify bitwise results during debugging.
