目录
1.去重
2.连接查询
使用where进行多表连接查询
内连接 - 等值连接
内连接 - 非等值连接
内连接 - 自连接
外连接 - 左右外连接
三表连接
1.去重
示例表内容参考此文章
有些 MySQL 数据表中可能存在重复的记录，有些情况我们允许重复数据的存在，但有时候我们也需要删除这些重复的数据。
例如：去重显示岗位信息：
mysql> select distinct job from emp; +-----------+ | job | +-----------+ | CLERK | | SALESMAN | | MANAGER | | ANALYST | | PRESIDENT | +-----------+ 5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
另一个示例：联合去重，查找部门和岗位的独有信息：
mysql> select distinct job,deptno from emp; +-----------+--------+ | job | deptno | +-----------+--------+ | CLERK | 20 | | SALESMAN | 30 | | MANAGER | 20 | | MANAGER | 30 | | MANAGER | 10 | | ANALYST | 20 | | PRESIDENT | 10 | | CLERK | 30 | | CLERK | 10 | +-----------+--------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
另一个示例：现在我们想统计一下工作岗位的数量，结合使用count函数：
mysql> select count(distinct job) from emp; +---------------------+ | count(distinct job) | +---------------------+ | 5 | +---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.连接查询
我们已经学会了如何在一张表中读取数据，这是相对简单的，但是在真正的应用中经常需要从多个数据表中读取数据。
JOIN 按照功能大致分为如下三类：
INNER JOIN（内连接,或等值连接）：获取两个表中字段匹配关系的记录。
LEFT JOIN（左连接）：获取左表所有记录，即使右表没有对应匹配的记录。
RIGHT JOIN（右连接）： 与 LEFT JOIN 相反，用于获取右表所有记录，即使左表没有对应匹配的记录。
多表连接的操作是将一个表的每一条数据与另一个表的数据行进行匹配。这就涉及到了效率控制问题
使用where进行多表连接查询
现在我们来演示一个例子：取出每个员工的名字和部门名字：
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mysql> select ename,dname
-> from emp,dept
-> where emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | SALES |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)上面的sql语句实际上效率很低，我们尝试进行优化（给表起别名）：（sql92语法）
mysql> select e.ename,d.dname
-> from emp e,dept d
-> where e.deptno = d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | SALES |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)注意：表的连接次数越多，效率越低，请尽量减少表的连接次数！
内连接 - 等值连接
还是上面的例子，取出每个员工的名字和部门名字：（sql99语法）
内连接，我们使用inner
mysql> select e.ename,d.dname
-> from emp e
-> inner join
-> dept d
-> on
-> e.deptno = d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | SALES |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)sql99的优点是：表的连接是独立的，不占用where的位置。使sql语句整体更加清晰
内连接 - 非等值连接
案例：找出每个员工的薪资等级，要求显示员工名，薪资，薪资等级
mysql> select
-> e.ename,e.sal,s.grade
-> from
-> emp e
-> inner join
-> salgrade s
-> on
-> e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename | sal | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | 1 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 2 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 4 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 4 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 1 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.01 sec)内连接 - 自连接
案例：查询员工的上级领导，要求显示员工名和对应的领导名
我们可以发现，员工和领导的关系在一张表中，此时需要用到自连接（技巧：一张表看成两张表）
mysql> select
-> a.ename as '员工名',b.ename as '领导名'
-> from emp a
-> join emp b
-> on
-> a.mgr = b.empno;
+-----------+-----------+
| 员工名 | 领导名 |
+-----------+-----------+
| SMITH | FORD |
| ALLEN | BLAKE |
| WARD | BLAKE |
| JONES | KING |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | KING |
| CLARK | KING |
| SCOTT | JONES |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | SCOTT |
| JAMES | BLAKE |
| FORD | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+-----------+-----------+
13 rows in set (0.00 sec)外连接 - 左右外连接
外连接与内连接的区别是，外连接没有匹配成功的某一个表的记录也会被取出
案例：查找员工的部门信息。要求部门即使没有员工也要查出
mysql> select
-> e.ename,d.dname
-> from emp e
-> right join dept d
-> on
-> e.deptno = d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | SALES |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| NULL | OPERATIONS |
+--------+------------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)同样的，如果是左外连接，将查询出左表的全部数据，使用left join关键字即可
外连接的查询结果条数一定是 >= 内连接的查询结果条数
三表连接
更为复杂的情况是，群表连接
我们来看一个案例：
找出每个员工的部门名称及工资等级。要求显示员工名，部门名，薪资，薪资等级
mysql> select
-> e.ename,e.sal,d.dname,s.grade
-> from emp e
-> join dept d
-> on e.deptno = d.deptno
-> join salgrade s
-> on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+---------+------------+-------+
| ename | sal | dname | grade |
+--------+---------+------------+-------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | RESEARCH | 1 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | SALES | 3 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | SALES | 2 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | RESEARCH | 4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES | 2 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | SALES | 4 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING | 4 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | RESEARCH | 4 |
| KING | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING | 5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES | 3 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | RESEARCH | 1 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | SALES | 1 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | RESEARCH | 4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING | 2 |
+--------+---------+------------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)再来看一个更复杂的情况：
找出每个员工的部门名称及工资等级及领导名称。要求显示员工名，部门名，领导名，薪资，薪资等级
mysql> select
-> e.ename,e.sal,d.dname,s.grade,l.ename
-> from emp e
-> join dept d
-> on e.deptno = d.deptno
-> join salgrade s
-> on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal
-> left join
-> emp l
-> on e.mgr = l.empno;
+--------+---------+------------+-------+-------+
| ename | sal | dname | grade | ename |
+--------+---------+------------+-------+-------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | RESEARCH | 1 | FORD |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | SALES | 3 | BLAKE |
| WARD | 1250.00 | SALES | 2 | BLAKE |
| JONES | 2975.00 | RESEARCH | 4 | KING |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES | 2 | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | SALES | 4 | KING |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING | 4 | KING |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | RESEARCH | 4 | JONES |
| KING | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING | 5 | NULL |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES | 3 | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | RESEARCH | 1 | SCOTT |
| JAMES | 950.00 | SALES | 1 | BLAKE |
| FORD | 3000.00 | RESEARCH | 4 | JONES |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING | 2 | CLARK |
+--------+---------+------------+-------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec) 
