表结构
学生表如下：
CREATE TABLE `t_student` ( `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `t_id` int DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '学科id', `score` int DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '分数', PRIMARY KEY (`id`) );
数据如下：
题目一：获取每个科目下前五成绩排名（允许并列）
允许并列情况可能存在如4、5名成绩并列情况，会导致取前4名得出5条数据，取前5名也是5条数据。
SELECT s1.* FROM student s1 LEFT JOIN student s2 ON s1.t_id = s2.t_id AND s1.score < s2.score GROUP BY s1.id HAVING COUNT( s2.id ) < 5 ORDER BY s1.t_id, s1.score DESC
ps：取前4名时
分析：
1.自身左外连接，得到所有的左边值小于右边值的集合。以t_id=1时举例，24有5个成绩大于他的（74、64、54、44、34），是第6名，34只有4个成绩大于他的，是第5名......74没有大于他的，是第一名。
SELECT * FROM student s1 LEFT JOIN student s2 ON s1.t_id = s2.t_id AND s1.score < s2.score
2. 把总结的规律转换成SQL表示出来，就是group by 每个student 的 id(s1.id)，Having统计这个id下面有多少个比他大的值(s2.id)
SELECT s1.* FROM student s1 LEFT JOIN student s2 ON s1.t_id = s2.t_id AND s1.score < s2.score GROUP BY s1.id HAVING COUNT( s2.id ) < 5
3. 最后根据 t_id 分类，score 倒序排序即可。
题目二：获取每个科目下最后两名学生的成绩平均值
取最后两名成绩
SELECT s1.* FROM student s1 LEFT JOIN student s2 ON s1.t_id = s2.t_id AND s1.score > s2.score GROUP BY s1.id HAVING COUNT( s1.id )< 2 ORDER BY s1.t_id, s1.score
并列存在情况下可能导致筛选出的同一t_id 下结果条数大于2条，但题目要求是取最后两名的平均值，多条平均后还是本身，故不必再对其处理，可以满足题目要求。
分组求平均值：
SELECT t_id,AVG(score) FROM ( SELECT s1.* FROM student s1 LEFT JOIN student s2 ON s1.t_id = s2.t_id AND s1.score > s2.score GROUP BY s1.id HAVING COUNT( s1.id )< 2 ORDER BY s1.t_id, s1.score ) tt GROUP BY t_id
结果：
分析：
1. 查询出所有t1.score>t2.score 的记录
SELECT s1.*,s2.* FROM student s1 LEFT JOIN student s2 ON s1.t_id = s2.t_id AND s1.score > s2.score
2. group by s.id 去重，having 计数取2条
3. group by t_id 分别取各自学科的然后avg取均值
题目三：获取每个科目下前五成绩排名（不允许并列）
SELECT * FROM ( SELECT s1.*, @rownum := @rownum + 1 AS num_tmp, @incrnum := CASE WHEN @rowtotal = s1.score THEN @incrnum WHEN @rowtotal := s1.score THEN @rownum END AS rownum FROM student s1 LEFT JOIN student s2 ON s1.t_id = s2.t_id AND s1.score > s2.score, ( SELECT @rownum := 0, @rowtotal := NULL, @incrnum := 0 ) AS it GROUP BY s1.id ORDER BY s1.t_id, s1.score DESC ) tt GROUP BY t_id, score, rownum HAVING COUNT( rownum )< 5
分析：
1.引入辅助参数
SELECT s1.*, @rownum := @rownum + 1 AS num_tmp, @incrnum := CASE WHEN @rowtotal = s1.score THEN @incrnum WHEN @rowtotal := s1.score THEN @rownum END AS rownum FROM student s1 LEFT JOIN student s2 ON s1.t_id = s2.t_id AND s1.score > s2.score, ( SELECT @rownum := 0, @rowtotal := NULL, @incrnum := 0 ) AS it
2.去除重复s1.id，分组排序
SELECT s1.*, @rownum := @rownum + 1 AS num_tmp, @incrnum := CASE WHEN @rowtotal = s1.score THEN @incrnum WHEN @rowtotal := s1.score THEN @rownum END AS rownum FROM student s1 LEFT JOIN student s2 ON s1.t_id = s2.t_id AND s1.score > s2.score, ( SELECT @rownum := 0, @rowtotal := NULL, @incrnum := 0 ) AS it GROUP BY s1.id ORDER BY s1.t_id, s1.score DESC
3.GROUP BY t_id, score, rownum 然后 HAVING 取前5条不重复的
